Forensic Context

A study in humans demonstrated that recreational alcohol consumption significantly altered serum microRNA profiles, with the miR-4433a-5p showing a 3.71-fold increase post-exposure, the largest observed change among 265 significantly upregulated microRNAs [Ten Berg et al. DOI:10.1080/1354750X.2018.1499128]. In a separate human study on sepsis, serum exosomal miRNA sequencing identified the miR-4433a-5p as differentially expressed, being upregulated in both sepsis and septic shock patients compared to healthy controls [Li et al. DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-89946-6].