A study in humans using massively parallel sequencing identified the miR-4477b as an absolute specific marker (ASM) for semen, demonstrating its high specificity and expression in this body fluid [Liu et al. DOI:10.3390/genes13091530]. This miRNA is recognized as a specific marker for semen in forensic body fluid identification [Liu et al. DOI:10.1007/s00414-025-03656-2].