A study in humans identified the mir-654 as a novel microRNA marker for vaginal secretion identification, demonstrating its high overexpression in vaginal secretions and high sensitivity and specificity with an area under the ROC curve of 0.81 when evaluated by qRT-PCR in additional body fluid samples [Park et al. DOI:10.1002/elps.201400075]. Another human study, which evaluated a range of candidate markers, noted that the mir-654 was removed from its final analysis due to low amplification efficiency in the target body fluid [Sauer et al. DOI:10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.01.018]. A study in humans demonstrated that the mir-654 is a specific marker for vaginal secretions and is used in a nine-miRNA-marker discriminant analysis model for identifying vaginal secretions, saliva, semen, menstrual blood, and peripheral blood [Song et al. DOI:10.1007/s00414-023-03091-1]. Another review confirms the mir-654 is mentioned as a specific marker for vaginal secretions in forensic body fluid identification [Liu et al. DOI:10.1007/s00414-025-03656-2].