A study in humans demonstrated that the mir-135b is strongly over-expressed in semen relative to other forensically relevant body fluids, confirming its semen specificity [Zubakov et al. DOI:10.1007/s00414-009-0402-3]. Subsequent research in humans confirmed this specificity and high abundance in normal semen but found its expression was significantly down-regulated and dispersed in various infertile semen samples, including asthenospermia, oligospermia, azoospermia, and combined conditions [Tian et al. DOI:10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.12.010]. A study in humans demonstrated that the mir-135b showed remarkably high expression, especially in Astheno-Oligospermia (ASOS) at approximately 140 gene folds, serving as a strong marker for distinguishing this infertility condition [Mawlah et al. DOI:10.5455/aim.2022.30.205-212]. Another study mentioned the mir-135b as a semen marker identified in prior research, supporting its role in body-fluid identification [Courts & Madea DOI:10.1111/J.1556-4029.2011.01894.X].