A study in humans identified hsa-miR-221-5p as differentially expressed in serum exosomes, where it was upregulated in sepsis compared to septic shock [Li et al. DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-89946-6]. In human skin research, the miR-221-5p was downregulated in burn hypertrophic scar tissue compared to normal skin [Siu et al. DOI:10.1111/wrr.13100].