Basic Information

Symbol
GAPDH
RNA class
mRNA
Alias
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase GAPD Peptidyl-Cysteine S-Nitrosylase GAPDH EC 1.2.1.12 Epididymis Secretory Sperm Binding Protein Li 162eP Oct1 Coactivator In S Phase, 38 Kd Component Aging-Associated Gene 9 Protein OCAS, P38 Component HEL-S-162eP EC 2.6.99.- EC 1.2.1 G3PD
Location (GRCh38)
12:6534012-6538930
UCSC Genome Browser Search in Marker Scope
Forensic tag(s)
Postmortem interval inference
External database
HGNC NCBI Ensembl OMIM UniProt GTEx

MANE select

Transcript ID
NM_002046.7
Sequence length
1285.0 nt
GC content
0.5611

Secondary Structure

Generated by RNAfold
Minimum free energy (MFE) structure:
Secondary structure that contributes a minimum of free energy.
Ensemble properties:
Thermodynamic properties of the Boltzmann ensemble.
Minimum free energy
-468.40 kcal/mol
Thermodynamic ensemble
Free energy: -490.41 kcal/mol
Frequency: 0.0000
Diversity: 318.46
MFE Structure Visualization
Structure Prediction
MFE Structure Prediction
(((((((((((((((((((.(((..((.(((.((((((((((.(.(((...(((.((......)))))..))).)...))))))))))..))).)).))))))))...(((((((...(((((((.(((((((((((..........)))))))...(((((....((((...(((((((.....)))))))...)))).(((((.....)))))...........)))))((((((......))))))((.((((((((..(((...((((..(((((..((..(((((..............))))).))))))).))))..........((((((....(((((..(((((..(((((((((...)))).))))).(((((..((((((.(((.(.(((((..((((.(((((((((.((....((((.......))))))))))))))).)))).)))))).))).))))))..)))))...((((..((......))...))))......)))))...((((.((.(((((((..(((...(((.(((.((((((.((((.(((((((..((....)).)))))))..))))((((.(((((((...(.((......(((((((((....))).)).))))......)).).))))))))))).)))))).))))))...)))..(((((((((.((((....((((...))))))))...))).((((((((((.((((((........))))))..)).))))))))....((((((((((.((...)).)))))).))))(((((.....))).))...............))))))..........))))))).)).))))((((((((((((......))))..((((((((......))).)))))......)))))))).....)))))...)))))).)))..)).)))))).)).)))))))...))))...)))))))..((((((.(((........))).)))))).......((((((((((((.(((((((((.......((((.....))))((((.((........)).)))))))))).)))..((....))....(((((.(.((((((((((((....))))).)))..........(((((..........))))).)))).).)))))...)))))..))))).))((((....)))))))))))..))))))).((((........((((..........))))...)))).......
Thermodynamic Ensemble Prediction
(((((((((((((((((((,(((..((.(((.((((((((((,(.(((...(({,((......)))))..))).}...))))))))))..))).}).)))}}}||...{((((((,,,(((({((,(({{{|||||{,{{.......}}}})))...{{{{{....((((...(((((((.....)))))))...)))).(((((.....))))).,}}}}},}},)))}}((((((......)))))){{.{(((((((.{(((,..{(((,{{{(({..{,.{(((,....}}},......,})))|{|||||||.|}})}||.......{(((((,.|.(((((,,(((((,.(((((((((...)))).))))),{((((..((((((.(((.(.(((((,,(({{.(((((((((.((....((((.......))))))))))))))),))}),)))}}).))).))))))..))))}.,.{{{{..{{.||....,,,,)))}.,....)))))...((((.((.(((((((..(((...(((.(((.((((((.{(((.(((((((..((....)).)))))))..)))|((((.(((((((...{.((......(((((((((....))).)).))))......)).}.))))))))))),)))))).))))))...)))..((((({,,,.((((....((((...)))))))).}.}|(,((((((((,(,((((((........))))))..)).)))))))},,{.((((((((((.(,...}).)))))).))))|,{{{..,.,))),||......,}}......}}))))..........))))))).)).))))((((((((((((......))))..((((((((......))).))))).,,...)))))))).....))))).,.)))))}.))),,})))))))),)},)))}))}...))))...}}}}}}},.((((((.(({,......,))).)))))}.,.....|{(((({(({((.(({((((((.......((((.....))))((((.((.{,...,}}),)))))))))),))),.({....))....(((({.{.{,({{{..,(({.{{.{({((.{,,.{{(.......|||,}}}}}}.,,.},))).})))|||)))))...)))))..})))).}|{{{|,..))))))))))))..))))))).((((...{....{{{,..........)}}}...)))).......

Transcripts

ID Sequence Length GC content
NM_001256799.3 NCBI
GUCCGGAUGCUGCGCCUGCGGUAGAGCGGCCGCCAUGUUGCAACCGGGA… 1386 nt 0.5657
NM_001289745.3 NCBI
GCUCUCUGCUCCUCCUGUUCGACAGUCAGCCGCAUCUUCUUUUGCGUCG… 1377 nt 0.5730
NM_001289746.2 NCBI
GCUCUCUGCUCCUCCUGUUCGACAGUCAGCCGCAUCUUCUUUUGCGUCG… 1525 nt 0.5908
NM_001357943.2 NCBI
GCUCUCUGCUCCUCCUGUUCGACAGUCAGCCGCAUCUUCUUUUGCGUCG… 1231 nt 0.5662
NM_002046.7 NCBI
GCUCUCUGCUCCUCCUGUUCGACAGUCAGCCGCAUCUUCUUUUGCGUCG… 1285 nt 0.5611
Summary

This gene encodes a member of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein family. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. The product of this gene catalyzes an important energy-yielding step in carbohydrate metabolism, the reversible oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the presence of inorganic phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The encoded protein has additionally been identified to have uracil DNA glycosylase activity in the nucleus. Also, this protein contains a peptide that has antimicrobial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. Studies of a similar protein in mouse have assigned a variety of additional functions including nitrosylation of nuclear proteins, the regulation of mRNA stability, and acting as a transferrin receptor on the cell surface of macrophage. Many pseudogenes similar to this locus are present in the human genome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

Forensic Context

A study in human skeletal muscle demonstrated that the GAPDH mRNA is a reliable marker for time since death (TSD) estimation, as its Ct value increased consistently with the postmortem interval up to 48 hours, showing a strong correlation with TSD and being particularly suitable for the 36 to 48-hour period [Devi et al. DOI:10.1002/ca.70026]. In human forensic autopsy tissues, the GAPDH mRNA degraded gradually postmortem, and its degradation profile was parallel to that of VEGF and HIF1A mRNAs, making it a useful endogenous reference for relative quantification in brain, kidney, and lung samples up to 48 hours postmortem [Zhao et al. DOI:10.1016/j.legalmed.2005.09.001]. A review of forensic methods notes that in experimental studies using porcine skeletal muscle and mouse liver, the GAPDH mRNA showed decreasing transcript levels over a 48-hour postmortem interval, indicating its potential role in PMI estimation through degradation analysis [Nanny Wenzlow et al. DOI:10.1177/10406387231153930].