Basic Information

Symbol
GHRL
RNA class
mRNA
Alias
Ghrelin And Obestatin Prepropeptide MTLRP Ghrelin, Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor Ligand Prepro-Appetite Regulatory Hormone Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide Ghrelin/Obestatin Prepropeptide Appetite-Regulating Hormone Motilin-Related Peptide Obestatin Ghrelin Ghrelin/Obestatin Preprohormone Growth Hormone Secretagogue In2c-Preproghrelin Preproghrelin Protein M46
Location (GRCh38)
3:10285666-10292959
UCSC Genome Browser Search in Marker Scope
Forensic tag(s)
Cause of death analysis
External database
HGNC NCBI Ensembl OMIM UniProt GTEx

MANE select

Transcript ID
NM_016362.5
Sequence length
1434.0 nt
GC content
0.5502

Secondary Structure

Generated by RNAfold
Minimum free energy (MFE) structure:
Secondary structure that contributes a minimum of free energy.
Ensemble properties:
Thermodynamic properties of the Boltzmann ensemble.
Minimum free energy
-531.30 kcal/mol
Thermodynamic ensemble
Free energy: -554.46 kcal/mol
Frequency: 0.0000
Diversity: 275.42
MFE Structure Visualization
Structure Prediction
MFE Structure Prediction
.((((((.......((((((((..((((...((((((((((.((((...(((((((....))))))).((((((.(.(((.((((((((....)))).)))).))).)))))))......(((((....)))))..(((.(((...)))))).....(((((((((((((((.(((((.((..(((((((........((((((...((((....))))...)))))).............)))))))..))(((((......((((.....(((.....)))((((((((.....(((((...)))))..((((((((.......))))).)))...((((......)))).(((((((((((((((((......(((......((((..((((((((....))....(((.......(((((.....(((((((((.((...)).))).)))))).......)))))......)))((((((..((((.((((..(((..((((...((((......))))......))))....))).))))))))..)))))).........((((...))))....(((((.....))).))(((((((((......))))))))).))).)))..)))).....)))......)))))))))......................((((((((((((...........(((((((((...((..((.....))..))...)).)))))))...)))))))).))))(((((((((...((((..((....))..((((.....))))(((((((((.....((((...((((.((..((...(((((((......))))))).))..)).))))...)))).(((....)))...(((((.((((((.((((.(((((...(((((.(((((((((((((.((.((((....)))))))).)))(((.....))).)))))))))))))......))))).).)))..((((((..((((.(((.....))).)))).)))))).(((....)))....))))))...))))).(((((....(.((((((((....)))))))).))))))..(((((......)))))))))))))).))))...)))))))))..))))))))((((((((....)))))))).))))))))))))...((((.....)))).))))).....(((......)))..))))).....)))))))))).....(((((((.......(((.....)))))))))))))))..((((...((((........)).)).)))))))).))))))))))...)))).)))).))))......))))))..........((((.(((((....))))).))))............................
Thermodynamic Ensemble Prediction
,((((((.......((((((((..((((..,((({(({(((,((((({{(((((((....))))))}.((((((.(.(((.((((((((....)))).)))).))).)))))))..,{{{(((({{{{.||,||..(((.(({...}))))),,...,||,}||||||||||.{,(((,.,.||||,{{(.......,((((((...((((....))))...))))))....,{{{{{..{||,|||,..}}||||,.}}}}}|,{(,....(({.....}))((((((((.....(((({...)))))..((((((((.......))))).)))...((((......)))).(((((((((((((((((......(((......((((..((((((((....))...,(((.{{.,,.(((((,,...(((((((((.((...)).))).))))))...,...))))).,}}}.)))|(((((..((((.((((..(((..((((...((((......))))......))))....))).))))))))..)))))}...,,....((((...))))...,||(((.....))).,,(((((((((......))))))))).)))}}))..)))).....))).,....)))))))))....,{,,...,...,,||,..((({((((((((..........,{(((((({(...((..((.....))..})...)),})))))}...)))))))).}))|(((((((((...((((..,,....}}..{(((.....)))}(((((((((.....((((...((((.((..((...(((((((......))))))).))..)).))))...)))).(((....)))...(((((.((((((.{{({{{{(((...((((,{((((((((.....(({((((((,,((....)))))))}))....})}..)))))))))))))...||,}}}}}.}..,}..((((((..((((.(((.....))).)))).)))))),{{{,...))).,..))))))...))))).(((((....,.((((((((....)))))))).))))))..(((((......)))))))))))))).))))...)))))))))..))))))))((((((((....)))))))).))))))))))),.|.((((.....)))),)}))},..,,|||,.,}.,)))..|||}}..,..}|}|}}}}}||||.,{(((((.,......}))))}|,||||((({.(((((((..{{....}}.))))))).))))...)})))))).)))}}))))}...)))).)))).))))......))))))}...,,....({({.((({{....,)))}.))))............................

Transcripts

ID Sequence Length GC content
NM_001134941.3 NCBI
AGUUCCCCAAAGAUAACACAGCUUUGCACAGUGGAUGUUUACUUGCUGG… 1431 nt 0.5500
NM_001134944.2 NCBI
AGUUCCCCAAAGAUAACACAGCUUUGCACAGUGGAUGUUUACUUGCUGG… 561 nt 0.4920
NM_001134945.2 NCBI
AGUUCCCCAAAGAUAACACAGCUUUGCACAGUGGAUGUUUACUUGCUGG… 558 nt 0.4910
NM_001134946.2 NCBI
AGUUCCCCAAAGAUAACACAGCUUUGCACAGUGGAUGUUUACUUGCUGG… 444 nt 0.4595
NM_001302821.2 NCBI
AGUUCCCCAAAGAUAACACAGCUUUGCACAGUGGAUGUUUACUUGCUGG… 1185 nt 0.5384
NM_001302822.2 NCBI
AGUUCCCCAAAGAUAACACAGCUUUGCACAGUGGAUGUUUACUUGCUGG… 973 nt 0.5375
NM_001302823.2 NCBI
AGUUCCCCAAAGAUAACACAGCUUUGCACAGUGGAUGUUUACUUGCUGG… 970 nt 0.5371
NM_001302824.2 NCBI
AGUUCCCCAAAGAUAACACAGCUUUGCACAGUGGAUGUUUACUUGCUGG… 895 nt 0.5263
NM_001302825.2 NCBI
AGUUCCCCAAAGAUAACACAGCUUUGCACAGUGGAUGUUUACUUGCUGG… 698 nt 0.5244
NM_016362.5 NCBI
AGUUCCCCAAAGAUAACACAGCUUUGCACAGUGGAUGUUUACUUGCUGG… 1434 nt 0.5502
Summary

This gene encodes the ghrelin-obestatin preproprotein that is cleaved to yield two peptides, ghrelin and obestatin. Ghrelin is a powerful appetite stimulant and plays an important role in energy homeostasis. Its secretion is initiated when the stomach is empty, whereupon it binds to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in the hypothalamus which results in the secretion of growth hormone (somatotropin). Ghrelin is thought to regulate multiple activities, including hunger, reward perception via the mesolimbic pathway, gastric acid secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and pancreatic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. It was initially proposed that obestatin plays an opposing role to ghrelin by promoting satiety and thus decreasing food intake, but this action is still debated. Recent reports suggest multiple metabolic roles for obestatin, including regulating adipocyte function and glucose metabolism. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. In addition, antisense transcripts for this gene have been identified and may potentially regulate ghrelin-obestatin preproprotein expression. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

Forensic Context

A study in humans identified the GHRL as a potential diagnostic biomarker for sepsis, where it was found to have a consistent mRNA and protein expression pattern in peripheral blood samples from patients compared to healthy controls [Wang et al. DOI:10.2147/IDR.S380137].