Basic Information

Symbol
HP
RNA class
mRNA
Alias
Haptoglobin Zonulin Haptoglobin, Alpha Polypeptide Haptoglobin, Beta Polypeptide Haptoglobin Alpha(2FS)-Beta Haptoglobin Alpha(1S)-Beta Binding Peptide HP2ALPHA2 HPA1S BP
Location (GRCh38)
16:72054505-72061071
UCSC Genome Browser Search in Marker Scope
Forensic tag(s)
Forensic psychiatry evaluation Other applications
External database
HGNC NCBI Ensembl OMIM UniProt GTEx

MANE select

Transcript ID
NM_005143.5
Sequence length
1534.0 nt
GC content
0.4967

Secondary Structure

Generated by RNAfold
Minimum free energy (MFE) structure:
Secondary structure that contributes a minimum of free energy.
Ensemble properties:
Thermodynamic properties of the Boltzmann ensemble.
Minimum free energy
-489.40 kcal/mol
Thermodynamic ensemble
Free energy: -517.10 kcal/mol
Frequency: 0.0000
Diversity: 302.89
MFE Structure Visualization
Structure Prediction
MFE Structure Prediction
.((((..(((........))).))))((......(((((((.........)))))))((((...(((((((((....((((.(((((((((..........(((((.(((......))))))))(((((((.((((....((.......))..)))))))))))..(((((((....(((((.(((((...((.((((((((.(((..((.((((..((((((...))))))((........)))))).))(((...(((((.((.((((((((((((((.((..(((((...........((((........))))..((((.((((..(((((.............((((.....)))).((((((...........))))))..........)))))...))))..)))).....((((......))))..))))).)).)))))))))))))).))..)))))...))).))).)))))))))).(((((.(((((.((((..(((((.............((((.....)))).((((((...........))))))..........)))))...))))..))))).)))))...(((.........)))...))))).)))).)((((..(.((((.((((((..((((...))))(((......))).((.....(((((.....))))).......)).)))))))))).).))))......)))))))))))).)))))))).....)))))))))...))))((((..((((((...((((......))))((((((.............))))))......((((((.((((..........((((((((((..(((..(((((((((((((((...(((((((((....((((((((((.....))))))..))))...)))).)))))))))))).(((....))).....(((((((.(((((...(.(((....(((((...(((((((....((((...........((((..........))))..(((((.(((((...((..............))...))))).))))).)))).....)))))))...)))))..))).)...)))))(((.((((...)))).))).............)))))))(((.(((((((..((((.............))))..))).)))).))).((.((((((((.((.....(((((((((((.(((((..(((((((((.........((((((....))))))(((((.......)))))))).))))))...))))).))))).)))))).(((....)))....(((..(((((((.((..(((.((((.(((.....)))...))))....))))).))))))).)))..)).))))))).).))))))))))..))).))))).))))).........))))))))))..((((....)))))))))).))))(((((......((((....))))))))))).
Thermodynamic Ensemble Prediction
..(((.,(((...,,..,||}.}})||{.{{...((((({,.........,)})}}}{(((...(((((((((....((((.(((((((((..........(((((.(((......))))))))(((((((.((((....(,.......,,..)))))))))))..(((((((....,{(((.(((((...{({((({{(((.({(.,{{,|{{|..((((((...))))))}}.,.})})}}})}}}.}}|||...(((((.{(.((((((((((((((.((..(((((..,,,,...,||||,........,.,...((((.((((..(((({..{.......,,|({{{.....},,,.{(((((...........)))))).........,)))))...))))..)))).....((((......))))..))))).}).)))))))))))))).)}..)))))...}}}.}}|,|}}},}}},,.(((((.(((((.((((..(((((..,...,..,{,{((({.....||,,.{{{{{{........,,,)})))}.........,)))))...))))..))))).)))))...(((,..,..,,,})}...}}}}).))}}.)|{{{..(,((((.((((((..((((...||}|,{{...,,})))}||...,,(((((.....))))}..,,,..,}.)))))))))).).)})}......)))))))))))).)))))))).....)))))))))...)))}((((..((((((...((({......))))((((((.............))))))......((((((.{{{{..,.......((((({{{{(,,(((..(((((((((((((((...(((((((((,...((((((((((.....))))))..))))...}))).)))))))))))).(((....))).....(((((((.(((((...(.(((...,(((((...(((((((,{{{(,,,.}}}},.....,,{(,,,.......})}}.}|||(({(((((.{((((.....}}.})|,,||...,,)))})}}}.}))))}},..)))))))...))))),}))).)...)))))(((,(({{...}))).))).............)))))))(((.(((((((..((((.............))))..))).)))).))).((.((((((((.(({....(((((((((((.(((((..(((((((((,....{,,.((((((....)))))),,{{{...,},,))},)))).))))))...))))).))))).)))))).|{{{,,,},,..,,||,..(((((((.((..(((.((((.(((.....)))...))))....))})).))))))).}}}..)).))))))).).))))))))))..))).)))}}.)))))......,.,))),))))))..((((....)))))))))).))))||,..,,....,,||,,,.))))))}.))).

Transcripts

ID Sequence Length GC content
NM_001126102.3 NCBI
ACUGGAAAAGAUAGUGACCUUACCAGGGCCAAAGUUUGUAGACACAGGA… 1357 nt 0.4996
NM_001318138.2 NCBI
ACUGGAAAAGAUAGUGACCUUACCAGGGCCAAAGUUUGUAGACACAGGA… 1357 nt 0.4982
NM_005143.5 NCBI
ACUGGAAAAGAUAGUGACCUUACCAGGGCCAAAGUUUGUAGACACAGGA… 1534 nt 0.4967
Summary

This gene encodes a preproprotein, which is processed to yield both alpha and beta chains, which subsequently combine as a tetramer to produce haptoglobin . Haptoglobin functions to bind free plasma hemoglobin, which allows degradative enzymes to gain access to the hemoglobin, while at the same time preventing loss of iron through the kidneys and protecting the kidneys from damage by hemoglobin. Mutations in this gene and/or its regulatory regions cause a haptoglobin emia or hypo haptoglobin emia. This gene has also been linked to diabetic nephropathy, the incidence of coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes, Crohn's disease, inflammatory disease behavior, primary sclerosing cholangitis, susceptibility to idiopathic Parkinson's disease, and a reduced incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The protein encoded also exhibits antimicrobial activity against bacteria. A similar duplicated gene is located next to this gene on chromosome 16. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

Forensic Context

A study in humans demonstrated that plasma levels of the HP were significantly upregulated in patients with Adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) compared to healthy controls and sepsis patients, forming part of a validated 3-miRNA diagnostic panel with an AUC of 0.8250 and a 4-miRNA panel for differentiating AOSD from sepsis with an AUC of 0.8448 [Hu et al. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2018.03099]. A separate review noted the HP is detected in the cortex and hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease patients, indicating its broader role as a biomarker in neurological contexts [Das et al. DOI:10.1080/21655979.2021.2003667].