Basic Information

Symbol
KRT16
RNA class
mRNA
Alias
Keratin 16 NEPPK Focal Non-Epidermolytic Palmoplantar Keratoderma Keratin, Type I Cytoskeletal 16 Keratin 16, Type I KRT16A K16 Cytokeratin 16 Cytokeratin-16 Keratin-16 FNEPPK CK-16 CK16 K1CP PC1
Location (GRCh38)
17:41609778-41615899
UCSC Genome Browser Search in Marker Scope
Forensic tag(s)
Tissue/body fluid identification Wound age identification
External database
HGNC NCBI Ensembl OMIM UniProt GTEx

MANE select

Transcript ID
NM_005557.4
Sequence length
1658.0 nt
GC content
0.6098

Secondary Structure

Generated by RNAfold
Minimum free energy (MFE) structure:
Secondary structure that contributes a minimum of free energy.
Ensemble properties:
Thermodynamic properties of the Boltzmann ensemble.
Minimum free energy
-677.40 kcal/mol
Thermodynamic ensemble
Free energy: -706.25 kcal/mol
Frequency: 0.0000
Diversity: 707.80
MFE Structure Visualization
Structure Prediction
MFE Structure Prediction
.......((..((((((...((.(((..((((.(((((((..((((.(((((((((.(.((((.......(((((..(((((.(((..((((((..(((((((((((((.((((((((.(...(((((.....(((...((((.((.(......).)).)))).)))((((((((((.(((((((((..((((((..(((((((((((.........))))))((((...((((.(((((((((((((((...))))))))((((..((((.(((((.(((.....))).)))))..)))).)))).((((........))))....))))))).))))....)))).(((.((((((((((((((((((((((((((((.((((((((.((((......((((((.(((((.(((((((((.((.(.....).)).)))).))))).))).)).))))))(((((((((.((.(((((.......)).)))))))))))))).(((.((.((........)).)).))))))).)))))))).)))).)))))((((((((...(((....)))....(((((.(.((.....)).).))))).....)))).)))))))))))))))))...)).))))))).............(((((((.(((..(((((((.((((((((.(..((....))..).)))).(((((((((((....)))))).)))))..)))).))).))))))).))))))).))).)).))))))))))))))).))...))))))))........)))))....).))))))))(((.((((.((.....)).).))))))....(((.(.(((((....)))))).)))))))..)))))).......)))..))))))..))))))))..)))))..((((((.....).)))))))))).)))..)))))).)))))))))).....).))))..))).))....(((((..(((...(((.((((((((......))..((((((((...(((....))).....)))..)))))...(((((((.(((.(((((((((.((((((((((.((.....((((((((......))))))))......))...))))))))..)).))).(((((.......(((((((.((.(((((.((((((((.......))))).....))).))))).)).)))....))))..(((..(((((........)))))..))).((((...((((((((((((((..(.((((..(((((.((((..((......))..)).))))))).....((.((((......)))).)))))))..)))))))).))))))....))))..)))))))).))).))))))))))))))))))))))...)))))(((((....((((((((.(((((((((((((((.....)))).......(((....((((....((((((...((((.......(((..((((((((.......(((((((.....)).))))).))).)))))..))).......))))))))))..))))....)))))))))))....))).)))))))).......))))).....)))))).))...
Thermodynamic Ensemble Prediction
...,,,.{(,,((((({...,{{{{{,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,((({.,{(({({{,,(({((({.,({.{{,,((,,((((,,(((.,{((,(((((((,,,,,((((({((((({((,,..{((((,(((.((((..{(({(((((,...(((({{(({..,.)))||,,||||{|||||||||||}.}|||||}}(((((,((((({({.{{...||||||((,....}})))})).,,,((((((((...)))))))),,,.)))))))))))})}|,.,}}|}}}.|||,|,{|,||,}}.)},)}}.}}}}.}})))}.,}))))))),..}))))))))}},|||}||||{{,{{(({(((((({{((({((((,(({{(({(,{((({,,.{.(({(((,({((({{,((((((({(({,{{{..|{||.,|||.}}}},.}}}.}),,,))))|((((((((.((.((((,.......)},)},))))))))))}.,{{.{{.{{{{,.....,}.)),)}),}||,|},,||||{||||{{||||((((,,({.....((.((({{(,...............,.))},,)))),.....}}))}))),)))),,|||||,|..{{{.(({|{,,..,{{{{....,.|}}|||,.))}))})},|}}}|}.,,((({,.{{..,..,|{{|.,...{(((((((({((,...}}|||},|||||..|||,.,}}||||}||||||.((((({{{,{||}}}|||||||}||.|||||{{{...,,.)}}.,,...||||||||||{|||||||||{{.|{|{|||,,{..,,,{{{|||||{{..,(({({((,((,{{{||,,,,{||{(,,,.{{{{..|{{,,..|}},..}((({,.{|||{|{{,..(((,,((((((({.....}.)))))).)..)))}.}),}))).,})))),,......}}|},...})))).)}}}|,,|||,,}}}}}}).,.,|(({(((.........,||,{||||,..({(((,.((({{,{..,,|,|,,||{|||,|||.,.,{.,((((.,{((,({((((((((.((..,,.((((((((......))))))))......})...))))))))..}}.})},,.}}}}.,}...,))}||}}}}}|..}|,|||(((((.......))))),,..,,|||||{||{|{(,((,,||{||||.{||,,|||||.,,.,{{.|||||.|||},|{{,},,}}||.|,}})))|{..((((((((((((..((((.((((....((((......|..((.((((((,(((.((((.......)))),))).)))))).))..,))))...)))).))))..)))),..})))))))})))}}}|||}..}}}})},||||}|,|.||})))},.,|,,,.}}||||.,||}}},}}}))),,,.)),,))))))}.))))}).,..}}}}))))))))}}}},,,|,}}})}))}}}}}}),.)||}}}|,).}},)}})))),|}|||||||},},}},,})),)))})))}.,}}}}}}}}}.}},,,}},.,,},))})),|||,|||{.....}))),}))..,,)))))),))...

Transcripts

ID Sequence Length GC content
NM_005557.4 NCBI
ACAGCACGCUCUCAGCCUUCCUGAGCACCUUUCCUUCUUUCAGCCAACU… 1658 nt 0.6098
Summary

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the keratin gene family. The keratins are intermediate filament proteins responsible for the structural integrity of epithelial cells and are subdivided into cytokeratins and hair keratins. Most of the type I cytokeratins consist of acidic proteins which are arranged in pairs of heterotypic keratin chains and are clustered in a region of chromosome 17q12-q21. This keratin has been coexpressed with keratin 14 in a number of epithelial tissues, including esophagus, tongue, and hair follicles. Mutations in this gene are associated with type 1 pachyonychia congenita, non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma and unilateral palmoplantar verrucous nevus. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Forensic Context

A study in humans demonstrated that the KRT16 was detected in tongue tissue using the Oxford Nanopore MinION direct RNA sequencing kit, supporting its utility as an mRNA marker for tissue identification [Dunn & Fleming DOI:10.1080/00450618.2019.1571105]. In a separate investigation of UVB-induced inflammatory pain, the KRT16 was found to be up-regulated in both human and rat skin, with a fold change of 26.2 in humans and 9.6 in rats, indicating its role in cell stress and wound healing responses [Dawes et al. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0093338]. A study in human samples demonstrated that the KRT16 was tested as a general epithelial marker but was found to be only minimally or not at all useful for the specific forensic questions of discriminating between skin and mucosal cell origins in sexual assault investigations [Schulz et al. DOI:10.1111/J.1556-4029.2009.01071.X].