Basic Information

Symbol
PAEP
RNA class
mRNA
Alias
Progestagen Associated Endometrial Protein PP14 PAEG GD Progesterone-Associated Endometrial Protein Glycodelin PEP GdA GdS GdF Pregnancy-Associated Endometrial Alpha-2 Globulin Progestagen-Associated Endometrial Protein PP14 Protein (Placental Protein 14) Zona-Binding Inhibitory Factor-1 Alpha Uterine Protein Placental Protein 14 Glycodelin-A Glycodelin-S Glycodelin-F MGC138509 MGC142288 ZIF-1 PEG Progestagen-Associated Endometrial Protein (Placental Protein 14, Pregnancy-Associated Endometrial A Pregnancy-Associated Endometrial Alpha-2-Globulin
Location (GRCh38)
9:135561756-135566955
UCSC Genome Browser Search in Marker Scope
Forensic tag(s)
Tissue/body fluid identification
External database
HGNC NCBI Ensembl OMIM UniProt GTEx

MANE select

Transcript ID
NM_002571.4
Sequence length
992.0 nt
GC content
0.5776

Secondary Structure

Generated by RNAfold
Minimum free energy (MFE) structure:
Secondary structure that contributes a minimum of free energy.
Ensemble properties:
Thermodynamic properties of the Boltzmann ensemble.
Minimum free energy
-367.10 kcal/mol
Thermodynamic ensemble
Free energy: -383.26 kcal/mol
Frequency: 0.0000
Diversity: 122.79
MFE Structure Visualization
Structure Prediction
MFE Structure Prediction
.......((((((((....))).)))))..((((...((((..((((((..((((((((((((.((..((((.((((.(((((((((.(((((((.......)))))))...))))))....))).))....)).))))..)).)))))))....)))))..))))))..)))).............((((....)).))..((((((((((...(((((((((.(((...((((.((((..(((((....(((((...(((((.(((((((((....((((((....(((((....)))))........(((((.(((((((.(((.(.(((......(.(((.((..(((.........(((((.......))))).......)))..))))).)......)))).)))))))).))...))))).........))))))))))))..))).).((((...)))))))).))))))))))..)))).))))...)))...)))))).)))))))))))))(((((..(((((((.(((.((((.(((.(((((((.(((((.(((((.....)))).).))))).))............))))).)))))))...((((....((((((((((....(((((((((((...((((.............(((((((.(.((.((((.(((((((((...))))))......(((.(((((..((((.((((....)))).)).))....))))))))((((((...))))))..))))))))).).)))))))...........))))...)))((((........))))))))))))))))))))))....))))..))))))))))...)))))..(((.((((....)))))))...(((((((((((((........)))).))).)))))).((((((..........))))))...............)))).............
Thermodynamic Ensemble Prediction
.......((((((((....})}.)}))),,{{{{...((((..((((((..((((((((((((.((..((((.(((({(((((((((.(((((((.......)))))))...))))))}.,.,)).))....)).))))..)).)))))))....)))))..))))))..)))).............{(((....)).))..((((((((((...(((((((((.(((.,.((((.((((..(((((....(((((...((({{.(((((((((....((((((.,..(((((....)))))........(((((.((((((((({(.(.(((......(.(({{((..(((......,..(((((.......)))))..,,...)))..))))).)......)))).)))))))).))...))))).........))))))))))))..))).}{((((...)))))))).))))))))))..)))).))))...)))...)))))).)))))))))))))(((((.{(((((((.(((.((((.(((.(((((,,.(((((.(((((.....)))).}.))))).,|,........,,.))))).)))))))...((((....((((((((((....((((((((({{...((((.............(((((((.{.((.((({,(((((((((...))))))......(((.(((((..((((.((((....)))).)).))....))))))))((((((...))))))..))))))))).}.)))))))...........))))...}}||,,,,,}},.,.})}}))))))))))))))))))....))))..)))))))))),}.)))))..({((((((....)))))))...(((((((((((((........)))).)))}}))))).((({{,....,....,|}}}},...............)))}.............

Transcripts

ID Sequence Length GC content
NM_001018048.2 NCBI
AGCAUCCCUCUGGCUCCAGAGCUCAGAGCCACCCACAGCCGCAGCCAUG… 926 nt 0.5767
NM_001018049.3 NCBI
AGCAUCCCUCUGGCUCCAGAGCUCAGAGCCACCCACAGCCGCAGCCAUG… 1021 nt 0.5808
NM_002571.4 NCBI
AGCAUCCCUCUGGCUCCAGAGCUCAGAGCCACCCACAGCCGCAGCCAUG… 992 nt 0.5776
Summary

This gene is a member of the kernel lipocalin superfamily whose members share relatively low sequence similarity but have highly conserved exon/intron structure and three-dimensional protein folding. Most lipocalins are clustered on the long arm of chromosome 9. The encoded glycoprotein has been previously referred to as pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha-2-globulin, placental protein 14, and glycodelin , but has been officially named progestagen-associated endometrial protein. Three distinct forms, with identical protein backbones but different glycosylation profiles, are found in amniotic fluid, follicular fluid and seminal plasma of the reproductive system. These glycoproteins have distinct and essential roles in regulating a uterine environment suitable for pregnancy and in the timing and occurrence of the appropriate sequence of events in the fertilization process. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]

Forensic Context

A study in humans demonstrated that PAEP is a highly specific mRNA marker for menstrual blood, showing no amplification in peripheral blood, saliva, semen, or vaginal fluid [Akutsu et al. DOI:10.1007/s00414-024-03199-y]. Research confirmed its expression is exclusive to menstrual blood with high expression levels and robustness, remaining detectable in dry stains at room temperature for up to 180 days and under wet storage conditions, outperforming other markers like LAPR3 and MMP7 [Liang et al. DOI:XXX]. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing of forensic body fluids confirmed PAEP as a novel absolute specific marker for menstrual blood, highlighting its potential for body fluid identification [Liu et al. DOI:10.1007/s00414-023-03131-w].