Basic Information

Symbol
PNMT
RNA class
mRNA
Alias
Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase PENT Noradrenaline N-Methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.28 PNMTase Phenylethanolamine N-Methylase EC 2.1.1
Location (GRCh38)
17:39667981-39670475
UCSC Genome Browser Search in Marker Scope
Forensic tag(s)
Mechanical injury analysis Postmortem interval inference Sudden unexpected death diagnosis
External database
HGNC NCBI Ensembl OMIM UniProt GTEx

MANE select

Transcript ID
NM_002686.4
Sequence length
958.0 nt
GC content
0.6545

Secondary Structure

Generated by RNAfold
Minimum free energy (MFE) structure:
Secondary structure that contributes a minimum of free energy.
Ensemble properties:
Thermodynamic properties of the Boltzmann ensemble.
Minimum free energy
-442.20 kcal/mol
Thermodynamic ensemble
Free energy: -457.43 kcal/mol
Frequency: 0.0000
Diversity: 317.41
MFE Structure Visualization
Structure Prediction
MFE Structure Prediction
....(((((...((((((((((((((((.((.((.(.(((..((((......))))...(((((((.((((....)))).)))).)))((((((....))).))).((((..(((((.(((((.((...(((((.........((((((((....))))....))))..(((((......)))))..))))))).))))).))))))))).((((((((((...))))))).)))))).))).)))))))......((((.((((.....)).)).))))))))))....))).)).(((((((((((((..........((((....(((((.((....)).)))))((((((....)))))).((((.((.(..(((((((....((.((.((((((((((((..(((.(((((((......)))).)))..(((.(((((((((((..((.((.(((((.(((((((((((((....((((...))))........((.((((((((((...))))).)))))..)).((((..........)))).)))))))).))).))((((.....)))))))).).))))..))))))))))).))).(((((.((((((((...((((.((((.((((.(((((......((((((((((((((((.(((((....)).))).)))).(((((((.....)))))))..((((.((....)).)))).))))))))))))....))))).)))))))).))))......))))))))...)))))...............((((((((((.((((((((.(((.((((((...)))))).))).))))))...)).))))).))))).)))..))))))))...)))))).))))))))).))).))))......))))))))))))))))).....................)))))
Thermodynamic Ensemble Prediction
..,{(({((.{{((((.((({,({,{,((((,.....|||}.((((......))))||,({{{{({.{,{|,((({{{({{,(({(((((((((,,.(({{,,,,,|{|||.,||||,||((({(,..,{{(((,....,,,,({((((((...,)}}}....}}}}..||||,..,}..}})))}})))),,).))))}.)}}}))))).((((((((((...))))))).))).((..,,.,}},....,....{((({{((({(({.{({.((.((.,({{({(((({(({,({((,{{{{({{((,..,,..,..,...,...((((((.((....)).))))))))))})}}))))}..))))..)).)))}}||((({{({{..((.((((((.......)))))},|,||,..,}))))))..,|.,(((.(((((((((((..((.((.{({{{.{{(((((((((((...,((((..,||}|......|.||,((((((((((...))))).))))){,||.{,||}},...}},,)})}.)))))))).))).||((((.....))))))}}.).))))..))))))))))).))).,|||},|}})))}}}..,|,|.,|))))))..))}))))})..(((((((((((({.,,,(((,({{{.,,.|||{|,|..(((((((.....))))))).,,|}}}|,...)))},)))))))))))))))),,((({|,({,((|{|{{.{,||||||,.|||||||).}}}}}{{,,,.......,|,..((((((((((,(,((((((.(((.((((((...)))))).))).))))))..,),.)))))},)))).)),}))))))).},})}))))})))))))})}}},}}}}.||.,,,}}},||||{{|.,||||...},..,}}}}},........}}}}}

Transcripts

ID Sequence Length GC content
NM_002686.4 NCBI
ACUGGGCGGACCGCGGCGGCAGCAUGAGCGGCGCAGACCGUAGCCCCAA… 958 nt 0.6545
Summary

The product of this gene catalyzes the last step of the catecholamine biosynthesis pathway, which methylates norepinephrine to form epinephrine (adrenaline). The enzyme also has beta-carboline 2N-methyltransferase activity. This gene is thought to play a key step in regulating epinephrine production. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

Forensic Context

A study in rats demonstrated that the expression of the PNMT mRNA in adrenal glands significantly increased with the intensity of contusion stress (p < 0.005) and showed a pronounced time-dependent decrease with increasing postmortem intervals, particularly in the stressed group (p < 0.0001) [Takahashi; Shirushi DOI:10.1620/tjem.216.239]. In human forensic genetics, enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis, including the PNMT, are discussed in the context of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) pathogenesis, with research confirming a significant association between a polymorphism in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene (TH01 allele 9.3) and SIDS occurrence (p = 0.038) [Courts, Cornelius; Madea, Burkhard DOI:10.1111/J.1556-4029.2010.01670.X].