Basic Information

Symbol
PRM2
RNA class
mRNA
Alias
Protamine 2 CT94.2 Cancer/Testis Antigen Family 94, Member 2 Sperm Protamine P2 Sperm Histone P2 Protamine-2 Testicular Secretory Protein Li 40
Location (GRCh38)
16:11275639-11276480
UCSC Genome Browser Search in Marker Scope
Forensic tag(s)
Tissue/body fluid identification
External database
HGNC NCBI Ensembl OMIM UniProt GTEx

MANE select

Transcript ID
NM_002762.4
Sequence length
680.0 nt
GC content
0.5838

Secondary Structure

Generated by RNAfold
Minimum free energy (MFE) structure:
Secondary structure that contributes a minimum of free energy.
Ensemble properties:
Thermodynamic properties of the Boltzmann ensemble.
Minimum free energy
-219.10 kcal/mol
Thermodynamic ensemble
Free energy: -229.40 kcal/mol
Frequency: 0.0000
Diversity: 168.08
MFE Structure Visualization
Structure Prediction
MFE Structure Prediction
........................(((((((((((..(((....)))..)).......((((.((((..............)))).)))).((((((((((.(((......)))....(((((.((((..((((.(......).)))).)))).)))))...(((.((((((.((.((((..((((((((.......(((((.((.(.((..((((...))))...)).).))..(((((......)))))..))))).((((((((...((.((((..(((..((((..((((.(((((.((.........))..))))).)).))(((((((..(((((....).)))).))))))).....((((.(((...((((...))))....((((((((......(((.....))).....)))))))))))))))....((((((((..............((((..(......)..))))(((...((((................))))...))).)))))))).......)))).)))...))))))...........))))))))............)))........)))))..)))))))))))).)))............))))))).)))..((........)))))))))))...................
Thermodynamic Ensemble Prediction
........................((((((((((((,(({,,|.||||,||{,|,,,.((({.((((,,,.,{,,,,..,.|||}.||}}.(({((({{({.{{,......})),...(((((.((((..((((.{......}.)))).)))).))))).,.|||.{{{|||,||.||||..{{|{{,{{.......((((..((.(.((..((((...))))...)).).))..||||{....,.|}}}|,,|||||,(((((,((...((.((((...|}}}|||,..,,}}}||||(.(({|.....,.||,,|}}}}.,||,|(((((((..(((({....}.)))).)))))))....}||||,||{...|{{|,,,)))).,..((((((((......(((.....))).....))))))))}})}}}},{..((((((((..............((((..{......,..))))(((...((((.,..............))))...))).))))))))..}}...}}}...,}},,)))))).........,.,))),|||,...{,,,|||..,,........})}}}..))}}}))))))).))).....,,,,...})})))).)))...,........||||}}}||}}......}}.}}........

Transcripts

ID Sequence Length GC content
NM_001286356.2 NCBI
AGACCAGACCAACAGUAACACCAAGGGCAGGUGGGCAGGCCUCCGCCCU… 724 nt 0.5787
NM_001286357.2 NCBI
AGACCAGACCAACAGUAACACCAAGGGCAGGUGGGCAGGCCUCCGCCCU… 605 nt 0.5818
NM_001286358.2 NCBI
AGACCAGACCAACAGUAACACCAAGGGCAGGUGGGCAGGCCUCCGCCCU… 673 nt 0.5825
NM_001286359.2 NCBI
AGACCAGACCAACAGUAACACCAAGGGCAGGUGGGCAGGCCUCCGCCCU… 727 nt 0.5928
NM_002762.4 NCBI
AGACCAGACCAACAGUAACACCAAGGGCAGGUGGGCAGGCCUCCGCCCU… 680 nt 0.5838
Summary

Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis, and are the major DNA-binding proteins in the nucleus of sperm in many vertebrates. They package the sperm DNA into a highly condensed complex in a volume less than 5% of a somatic cell nucleus. Many mammalian species have only one protamine (protamine 1); however, a few species, including human and mouse, have two. This gene encodes protamine 2, which is cleaved to give rise to a family of protamine 2 peptides. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have also been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

Forensic Context

A study in humans developed a one-step RT-qPCR assay targeting the PRM2 mRNA for high-throughput sperm screening, demonstrating high specificity for semen with no cross-reactivity to other body fluids and a sensitivity of 0.01 μL of semen [Kubo et al. DOI:10.1016/j.ab.2024.115727]. A study in humans evaluating mRNA for cell type identification referenced the PRM2 as a semen-specific gene in the method by Juusola and Ballantyne, and it was amplified on target cell types only in the dataset from Roeder et al. [de Zoete et al. DOI:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.09.007]. Another review noted the PRM2 mRNA has been evaluated for forensic body fluid identification [Courts and Madea DOI:10.1016/J.Forsciint.2010.07.002].