| ID | Sequence | Length | GC content |
|---|---|---|---|
| AGACUAACUCUACCUUUCUGGCUUCAGGUGCUAUCUAGACCUGAAGUAG… | 2252 nt | 0.5844 | |
| AGACUAACUCUACCUUUCUGGCUUCAGGACACCAGACAUCAGAGACAGA… | 2414 nt | 0.5812 | |
| AGACUAACUCUACCUUUCUGGCUUCAGUUUCCAGGCAGAGGAUCAGUUA… | 2411 nt | 0.5761 | |
| AGACUAACUCUACCUUUCUGGCUUCAGUUUCCAGGCAGAGGAUCAGUUA… | 2474 nt | 0.5740 | |
| AGACUAACUCUACCUUUCUGGCUUCAGGUGCUAUCUAGACCUGAAGUAG… | 2393 nt | 0.5846 | |
| AGACUAACUCUACCUUUCUGGCUUCAGGACACCAGACAUCAGAGACAGA… | 2456 nt | 0.5822 | |
| AGACUAACUCUACCUUUCUGGCUUCAGGACACCAGACAUCAGAGACAGA… | 2315 nt | 0.5819 |
The protein encoded by this gene is the most abundant protein in mammalian urine under physiological conditions. Its excretion in urine follows proteolytic cleavage of the ectodomain of its glycosyl phosphatidylinosital-anchored counterpart that is situated on the luminal cell surface of the loop of Henle. This protein may act as a constitutive inhibitor of calcium crystallization in renal fluids. Excretion of this protein in urine may provide defense against urinary tract infections caused by uropathogenic bacteria. Defects in this gene are associated with the renal disorders medullary cystic kidney disease-2 (MCKD2), glomerulocystic kidney disease with hyperuricemia and isosthenuria (GCKDHI), and familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy (FJHN). Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]
A study in humans demonstrated that the UMOD is a known kidney marker tested as a potential urine-specific marker but showed limited sensitivity in this study [van den Berge et al. DOI:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.10.011]. A study in humans demonstrated that Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) is a highly specific biomarker for the forensic identification of urine and aged urine stains [Akutsu et al. DOI:10.1111/J.1556-4029.2010.01325.X]. Using ELISA, THP was detected in all fresh urine samples and in most aged stain extracts stored for three years, while showing no cross-reactivity with blood, saliva, semen, vaginal fluid, or sweat. At the mRNA level, THP gene expression was also specific to urine, with a single exception in one semen sample, confirming its utility as a reliable and specific marker for urine identification in forensic contexts.